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City of Los Angeles v. Lyons
''City of Los Angeles v. Lyons'', 461 U.S. 95 (1983) was a United States Supreme Court decision holding that the plaintiff, Adolph Lyons, lacked standing to challenge the city police department's alleged chokehold policy. Lyons, an African American, had been subjected to a chokehold after being stopped for a traffic violation. He sought both compensatory damages for the chokehold, and declaratory and injunctive relief against the department's chokehold policy (he introduced evidence that from 1975 to 1983, sixteen people, including twelve African Americans, had been killed by police chokeholds 〔
〕). In an opinion authored by Justice White, the Court held, 5-4, that Lyons had failed to allege a sufficiently plausible threat of future injury to have standing for an injunction; Lyons did, however, have standing for his damages action, since this was retrospective and the injury — being subjected to the chokehold — was concrete and particular. The decision helps establish the principle that a plaintiff must meet a standing requirement for ''each'' form of relief sought. Justice Marshall's dissent argued that the majority's test would immunize from review any widespread policy that deprives constitutional rights when individuals cannot show with certainty that they would be subject to a repeat violation. He also argued that the Court's traditional rule did not distinguish different forms of relief for standing purposes.
==Analysis and commentary==
Based on Michelle Alexander’s book, ''The New Jim Crow'', Adolph Lyons' case is related to what is believed to be bias action towards certain races, which in this case are people of color. She asserts that it is hard for people of color like Lyons to win over a judicial process, similar to what happened during the Jim Crow era. In the words of Alexander, one of the causes of such action is due to the presence of implicit bias in the criminal justice system, for instance, the Supreme Court and police officers. In support of Alexander's argument, Georgetown Law provides Professor Charles Lawrence with his article noted, "The purposeful intent requirement found in Supreme Court equal protection doctrine, and in the court's interpretation of antidiscrimination laws disserved the value of equal citizenship expressed in those laws because many forms of racial bias are unconscious." As specified above, since Lyons case involves legal system, it is associated with an effect of unconscious bias.〔''The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness'' by Michelle Alexander, The New Press, New York 2010, ISBN 978-1-59558-103-7〕〔''The New Jim Crow,'' p. 128-129〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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